绿色供应链

可持续不是成本，是竞争力——消费者、投资者和法规都在要求更绿色的供应链。

绿色供应链架构

碳足迹计算

"""
供应链碳足迹计算
"""
from dataclasses import dataclass
@dataclass
class CarbonSource:
name: str
category: str    # scope1 / scope2 / scope3
quantity: float
unit: str
emission_factor: float  # kgCO2 per unit
class CarbonCalculator:
"""碳足迹计算器"""
@staticmethod
def calculate(sources: list[CarbonSource]) -> dict:
"""计算碳排放"""
by_scope = {"scope1": 0, "scope2": 0, "scope3": 0}
details = []
for s in sources:
emission = s.quantity * s.emission_factor
by_scope[s.category] += emission
details.append({
"来源": s.name,
"范围": s.category,
"排放": f"{emission:,.0f} kgCO2",
})
total = sum(by_scope.values())
return {
"总排放": f"{total:,.0f} kgCO2 ({total/1000:,.1f} 吨)",
"范围1 (直接)": f"{by_scope['scope1']:,.0f} kg ({by_scope['scope1']/total*100:.0f}%)",
"范围2 (能源)": f"{by_scope['scope2']:,.0f} kg ({by_scope['scope2']/total*100:.0f}%)",
"范围3 (供应链)": f"{by_scope['scope3']:,.0f} kg ({by_scope['scope3']/total*100:.0f}%)",
"明细": details,
}
@staticmethod
def reduction_plan(
current: float, target_pct: float, years: int
) -> dict:
"""减碳路径"""
annual_reduction = current * target_pct / years
target = current * (1 - target_pct)
return {
"当前排放": f"{current:,.0f} 吨CO2",
"目标降幅": f"{target_pct*100}%",
"目标排放": f"{target:,.0f} 吨CO2",
"年均减排": f"{annual_reduction:,.0f} 吨/年",
"达标年限": f"{years} 年",
}
# 演示
sources = [
CarbonSource("工厂锅炉", "scope1", 500000, "kWh天然气", 0.18),
CarbonSource("厂区车辆", "scope1", 50000, "升柴油", 2.68),
CarbonSource("购入电力", "scope2", 2000000, "kWh", 0.58),
CarbonSource("原材料生产", "scope3", 1000, "吨钢材", 1800),
CarbonSource("货运物流", "scope3", 500000, "吨公里", 0.062),
]
calc = CarbonCalculator()
print("=== 碳足迹计算 ===")
result = calc.calculate(sources)
for k, v in result.items():
if k == "明细":
print(f"  {k}:")
for d in v:
print(f"    {d['来源']}: {d['排放']}")
else:
print(f"  {k}: {v}")
print("\n=== 减碳路径 ===")
for k, v in calc.reduction_plan(3000, 0.42, 6).items():
print(f"  {k}: {v}")

循环经济模型

ESG 报告框架

"""
ESG 供应链评估
"""
ESG_METRICS = {
"环境 (E)": {
"碳排放强度": "tCO2/百万营收",
"可再生能源比例": "目标 >30%",
"废弃物回收率": "目标 >80%",
"水资源利用效率": "吨产品/吨水",
},
"社会 (S)": {
"供应商劳工审计覆盖率": "目标 100%",
"安全事故率": "目标 零重大事故",
"社区公益投入": "占营收比例",
"多元化指标": "管理层多元化",
},
"治理 (G)": {
"供应商行为准则签署率": "目标 100%",
"反腐败培训覆盖率": "全员",
"供应链透明度": "Tier-1 100%, Tier-2 >50%",
"ESG 风险审计频率": "年度",
},
}
print("=== ESG 供应链指标 ===")
for pillar, metrics in ESG_METRICS.items():
print(f"\n{pillar}:")
for metric, target in metrics.items():
print(f"  {metric}: {target}")

绿色认证

行动清单

• [ ] 启动碳盘查：使用上方计算器估算 Scope 1/2/3 排放结构，识别最大排放来源
• [ ] 制定 3–5 年减碳目标（SBT 科学基础减碳目标），向供应商和投资者公开承诺
• [ ] 对包装材料进行减量审查：是否有轻量化方案，可节省多少包材成本和碳排放
• [ ] 评估可再生能源购电（CPPA/绑证）可行性，制定 Scope 2 归零路线图
• [ ] 建立 ESG 报告框架，明确环境/社会/治理三维度 KPI，纳入年报
• [ ] 调研主要出口目标市场（欧盟）的碳关税（CBAM）影响范围，提前准备合规材料

下一节：02-可持续供应商管理 — 将可持续发展延伸到供应商管理体系。