采购与供应商管理

采购不是买东西，而是构建可靠的供应网络。

采购管理架构

供应商评估

"""
供应商评估体系
"""
from dataclasses import dataclass
@dataclass
class SupplierScore:
name: str
quality: float       # 质量 (0-100)
delivery: float      # 交付 (0-100)
cost: float          # 成本 (0-100)
service: float       # 服务 (0-100)
financial: float     # 财务健康 (0-100)
capacity: float      # 产能 (0-100)
class SupplierEvaluator:
"""供应商评估器"""
WEIGHTS = {
"quality": 0.30,
"delivery": 0.25,
"cost": 0.20,
"service": 0.10,
"financial": 0.10,
"capacity": 0.05,
}
@classmethod
def evaluate(cls, supplier: SupplierScore) -> dict:
"""综合评分"""
total = (
supplier.quality * cls.WEIGHTS["quality"]
+ supplier.delivery * cls.WEIGHTS["delivery"]
+ supplier.cost * cls.WEIGHTS["cost"]
+ supplier.service * cls.WEIGHTS["service"]
+ supplier.financial * cls.WEIGHTS["financial"]
+ supplier.capacity * cls.WEIGHTS["capacity"]
)
if total >= 85:
grade = "A — 优选供应商"
elif total >= 70:
grade = "B — 合格供应商"
elif total >= 55:
grade = "C — 待改进"
else:
grade = "D — 淘汰风险"
return {
"供应商": supplier.name,
"综合得分": f"{total:.1f}",
"等级": grade,
"明细": {
"质量": f"{supplier.quality} (权重30%)",
"交付": f"{supplier.delivery} (权重25%)",
"成本": f"{supplier.cost} (权重20%)",
"服务": f"{supplier.service} (权重10%)",
"财务": f"{supplier.financial} (权重10%)",
"产能": f"{supplier.capacity} (权重5%)",
},
}
@classmethod
def rank(
cls, suppliers: list[SupplierScore]
) -> list[dict]:
"""供应商排名"""
results = [cls.evaluate(s) for s in suppliers]
results.sort(
key=lambda x: float(x["综合得分"]), reverse=True
)
return results
# 演示
suppliers = [
SupplierScore("东莞精密制造", 92, 88, 75, 80, 85, 90),
SupplierScore("深圳快捷电子", 78, 95, 85, 90, 70, 80),
SupplierScore("苏州优质包装", 85, 80, 90, 75, 80, 70),
SupplierScore("温州基础零件", 60, 65, 95, 60, 55, 85),
]
print("=== 供应商排名 ===")
for i, result in enumerate(SupplierEvaluator.rank(suppliers), 1):
print(f"\n{i}. {result['供应商']} — {result['综合得分']}分 [{result['等级']}]")
for dim, score in result["明细"].items():
print(f"   {dim}: {score}")

谈判策略

采购分类 — 卡拉杰克矩阵

"""
Kraljic 采购矩阵
"""
KRALJIC_MATRIX = {
"战略物料": {
"特征": "供应风险高 + 采购金额大",
"策略": "深度合作、双源策略、联合研发",
"示例": "核心芯片、关键原材料",
},
"杠杆物料": {
"特征": "供应风险低 + 采购金额大",
"策略": "竞争性招标、以量换价",
"示例": "包装材料、通用元器件",
},
"瓶颈物料": {
"特征": "供应风险高 + 采购金额小",
"策略": "确保供应、建立安全库存",
"示例": "特殊认证材料、定制模具",
},
"常规物料": {
"特征": "供应风险低 + 采购金额小",
"策略": "简化流程、自动化采购",
"示例": "办公用品、标准紧固件",
},
}
print("=== Kraljic 采购矩阵 ===")
for category, info in KRALJIC_MATRIX.items():
print(f"\n{category}:")
for k, v in info.items():
print(f"  {k}: {v}")

SRM 供应商关系管理

下一章：工厂与生产管理——从订单到成品的制造流程优化。