供应链基础

供应链不是一条链，而是一张网——理解它的运作逻辑，是管理的起点。

供应链全景

SCOR 模型

SCOR（Supply Chain Operations Reference）是供应链管理的标准框架：

供应链战略类型

"""
供应链战略选型
"""
from dataclasses import dataclass
@dataclass
class SupplyChainStrategy:
name: str
focus: str
inventory: str
lead_time: str
flexibility: str
examples: list[str]
STRATEGIES = [
SupplyChainStrategy(
name="精益供应链 (Lean)",
focus="成本效率",
inventory="低库存、JIT",
lead_time="较长但稳定",
flexibility="低",
examples=["丰田汽车", "沃尔玛", "优衣库"],
),
SupplyChainStrategy(
name="敏捷供应链 (Agile)",
focus="快速响应",
inventory="备有余量",
lead_time="短",
flexibility="高",
examples=["Zara", "H&M", "SHEIN"],
),
SupplyChainStrategy(
name="混合策略 (Leagile)",
focus="平衡效率与敏捷",
inventory="解耦点前精益、后敏捷",
lead_time="中等",
flexibility="中",
examples=["戴尔", "苹果", "小米"],
),
]
print("=== 供应链战略对比 ===")
for s in STRATEGIES:
print(f"\n{s.name}:")
print(f"  核心目标: {s.focus}")
print(f"  库存策略: {s.inventory}")
print(f"  交付前置: {s.lead_time}")
print(f"  灵活性: {s.flexibility}")
print(f"  代表企业: {', '.join(s.examples)}")

供应链 KPI 体系

"""
供应链绩效指标
"""
class SCMMetrics:
"""供应链 KPI 计算"""
@staticmethod
def perfect_order_rate(
total_orders: int,
on_time: int,
complete: int,
damage_free: int,
doc_accurate: int,
) -> dict:
"""完美订单率"""
# 完美订单 = 准时 ∩ 足量 ∩ 无损 ∩ 单据准确
perfect = min(on_time, complete, damage_free, doc_accurate)
rate = perfect / total_orders if total_orders else 0
return {
"完美订单率": f"{rate*100:.1f}%",
"准时率": f"{on_time/total_orders*100:.1f}%",
"足量率": f"{complete/total_orders*100:.1f}%",
"无损率": f"{damage_free/total_orders*100:.1f}%",
"基准": "行业优秀 > 95%",
}
@staticmethod
def cash_to_cash_cycle(
days_inventory: int,
days_receivable: int,
days_payable: int,
) -> dict:
"""现金周转周期"""
c2c = days_inventory + days_receivable - days_payable
return {
"现金周转天数": f"{c2c} 天",
"库存天数": f"{days_inventory} 天",
"应收天数": f"{days_receivable} 天",
"应付天数": f"{days_payable} 天",
"解读": (
"健康" if c2c < 30
else "需优化" if c2c < 60
else "资金压力大"
),
}
@staticmethod
def supply_chain_cost(
procurement: float,
manufacturing: float,
logistics: float,
warehousing: float,
revenue: float,
) -> dict:
"""供应链总成本"""
total = procurement + manufacturing + logistics + warehousing
pct = total / revenue * 100
return {
"供应链总成本": f"¥{total:,.0f}",
"占收入比": f"{pct:.1f}%",
"采购成本": f"¥{procurement:,.0f} ({procurement/total*100:.0f}%)",
"制造成本": f"¥{manufacturing:,.0f} ({manufacturing/total*100:.0f}%)",
"物流成本": f"¥{logistics:,.0f} ({logistics/total*100:.0f}%)",
"仓储成本": f"¥{warehousing:,.0f} ({warehousing/total*100:.0f}%)",
"基准": "行业优秀 < 15%",
}
metrics = SCMMetrics()
print("=== 完美订单率 ===")
por = metrics.perfect_order_rate(1000, 960, 975, 990, 985)
for k, v in por.items():
print(f"  {k}: {v}")
print("\n=== 现金周转 ===")
c2c = metrics.cash_to_cash_cycle(
days_inventory=45, days_receivable=30, days_payable=60
)
for k, v in c2c.items():
print(f"  {k}: {v}")
print("\n=== 供应链成本 ===")
cost = metrics.supply_chain_cost(
procurement=5000000,
manufacturing=3000000,
logistics=1200000,
warehousing=800000,
revenue=80000000,
)
for k, v in cost.items():
print(f"  {k}: {v}")

选择供应链战略的决策框架

下一章：采购与供应商管理——如何选到好供应商并持续管理合作关系。